EARLY PHOTOGRAPHIC INVENTIONS

The Meaning Of "PHOTOGRAPHY"

IN 1839, A BRITISH ASTRONOMER NAMED SIR JOHN HERSCHEL COINED THE TERM "PHOTOGRAPHY"

IT CAN BE TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK WORDS 
​ΦΩ͂Σ (PHŌS MEANING "               ," AND
​ΓΡΑΦΉ (GRAPHÉ) MEANING "                        ."
Photograph of Sir John Herschel taken in 1897 by Julia Margaret Cameron
How can we draw connections between WRITING and PHOTOGRAPHY?
​Creating a photograph​ involves selecting and enclosing a space to fit within the four edges of a frame.  
  • ​Skilled photographers learn how to scan their environments for visual elements that appeal to the imagination.  
  • They work with the position of their cameras to organize everything that falls within their frame.
  • This allows them to deliver a visual message that will have the most impact on their viewer.
Writing a sentence involves selecting the words that fit between a capital letter and a punctuation mark.  
  • ​Skilled writers learn how to skim through their vocabulary and choose the most fitting term.
  • They place their words in a sequence that is both organized and imaginative.
  • This allows them to deliver a written message that will have the most impact on their reader.

PINHOLE PHOTOGRAPHY​

Abelardo Morell ,Cuba (1948-)

The Shadow of the House: Documentary (Including the Camera Obscura Series)
Picture
The Tent Camera
The Visual Delights of the Camera Obscura

The Camera Obscura: As Seen on TV!

Pinhole Photography Examples


​TIMELINE OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1830s- First experiments with early photographic techniques
1839 daguerreotype process is made public in France
1839 the first camera, the Giroux Daguerreotype, is made commercially available
1840s- Widespread use of the daguerreotype in Europe and United States
1840 paper negative invented by William Henry Fox Talbot 
1843 advent of the photographic enlarger
1845 Matthew Brady opens portrait studio in New York City
1849 advent of the twin-lens camera and the development of the stereoscopic image
1849 first images of Egypt are published and give rise to travel photography
1850s- Iintroduction of the glass plate negative process
1856 photojournalism is invented when images of the Crimean War are published
1861 Matthew Brady and other photographers record Civil War
1870s- U.S. Congress sends photographers William H. Jackson and Timothy O’Sullivan out West to document the American landscape
1880s- Improvements to glass plate negative process renders it easier and more convenient for photographers
1880 general use of the gelatin silver print
1887 introduction of cellulose photographic film negative
1888 introduction of the Kodak box camera simplifies photography and casual “snapshot” photography is born
1900 Kodak sells the $1.00 Brownie camera and makes photography widely available
1902 Alfred Stieglitz publishes Camera Work which promotes photography as an art
1920s- Advent of the carbro print - the first full-color photographic processes
1935 development of Kodachrome film – the first multi-layered color film
1940s- Development of the color chromogenic print
1947 Edwin Land creates the dye diffusion transfer print – commonly known as instant photography or the “Polaroid”
1960s- Rise in popularity of the Polaroid camera
1963 release of the Polaroid color camera
1963 earliest pre-cursor to the digital camera is developed at Stanford University
1978 Konica introduces the first “point-and-shoot” auto focus camera
1984 Canon demonstrates the first digital electronic still camera
1989 introduction of the single use or “disposable” camera
​1990 first digital cameras are available on the retail market
1992 Kodak introduces the first PhotoCD
1994 sale of the first consumer-level digital camera able to work with a home computer

Source: www.nypl.org/collections/nypl-recommendations/guides/photographic-processes
Links to Explore Early Photographic Process:

Daguerreotypes ca. 1839-ca. 1860
Salted paper prints ca. 1840-ca. 1860
Calotypes (Talbotypes) 1841-1860
Albumen Prints 1850-1895
Ambrotypes ca. 1851-1865
Tintypes (Ferrotypes, Melainotypes, Melanographs) ca. 1856-1930s
Woodburytypes 1870-1900
Carbon prints ca. 1870-1900
Platinum and Palladium Prints 1873-ca. 1920
Cyanotypes after 1880-1910s
Photogravures ca. 1880-present
Gelatin Silver Prints ca. 1890s-present
Gum Bichromate Prints 1894-1920s
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Sources: www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/589_chronology.html
https://petapixel.com/2012/11/14/a-brief-history-of-the-chemical-processes-used-in-photography-over-the-years/
Source: ​https://petapixel.com/2012/08/06/fascinating-videos-about-6-photographic-processes-used-through-history/

NINETEENTH CENTURY PHOTOGRAPHY

​Objects in Focus: The Eye of the Sun

​The exhibition is organized chronologically and thematically, beginning with the earliest photographs in the collection by one of photography’s inventors, William Henry Fox Talbot, and several examples of daguerreotypes, and ending with photographs made in 1889 by the Kodak, the first snapshot camera. Sections focus on themes of portraiture and self-presentation; landscape; the built environment; travel abroad and on the frontier; war; and photography and art. Among the photographers featured are Hill and Adamson, Mary Dillwyn, Roger Fenton, Francis Frith, Lewis Carroll, Julia Margaret Cameron, Gustave Le Gray, Charles Marville, Charles Nègre, Édouard-Denis Baldus, Andrew Joseph Russell, Carleton E. Watkins, Eadweard Muybridge, and John Moran.













Women of Progress: Early Camera Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery
​In mid-nineteenth-century America, the growing presence of women in public life coincided with the rise of portrait photography. This exhibition of daguerreotypes and ambrotypes from the 1840s and 1850s features portraits of early feminist icons, women’s rights advocates Margaret Fuller and Lucy Stone, abolitionist Lucretia Mott and best-selling author Harriet Beecher Stowe.


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CRUCIAL INVENTIONS IN PHOTOGRAPHY'S HISTORY
The pint-sized point-and-shoots and smartphone cameras of today are only the latest in a long line of photographic innovations that date back all the way to the ancient world. Dozens of different inventors and experimenters helped conceive the chemicals, parts and processes needed to first make and reproduce pictures, and it wasn’t until the 19th century that the pieces finally came together to form the first modern cameras. From an ancient optical apparatus to the advent of color film, learn the stories behind eight of the most important steps in the development of photography
1.  Camera Obscura: 5th century B.C.
Long before there was the camera, there was the camera obscura. Literally translated as “dark chamber,” these devices consisted of darkened rooms or enclosed boxes with a tiny opening on one side. When sunlight passed through this “pinhole” and into the chamber, it projected a hazy picture of the outside world onto a wall or screen. This optical phenomenon was almost certainly known to the ancients—both Aristotle and the Chinese philosopher Mozi mentioned it—but a full account of how it worked didn’t arrive until the 11th century, when the Arab scholar Alhazen described a working model. The camera obscura later became a popular tool during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, particularly after inventors began using biconvex lenses to brighten its images. Astronomers used it to protect their eyes while observing the sun and solar eclipses, and artists employed it as an aid in portraiture and landscape painting.
2. Photochemistry: 18th and 19th centuries
While the camera obscura allowed for the viewing of images in real time, several centuries passed before inventors stumbled upon a method for permanently preserving them using chemicals. A major breakthrough came in 1725, when the German professor Johann Heinrich Schulze found that silver salts darkened when exposed to light. Fascinated, Schulze cut the letters out of a piece of paper and placed it on top of a silver mixture. “Before long,” he recounted, “I found that the sun’s rays…wrote the words and sentences so accurately or distinctly on the chalk sediment, that many people…were led to attribute the result to all kinds of artifices.” Others later built on Schulze’s research, and in 1827, a French inventor named Joseph Nicéphore Niépce used a camera obscura and a pewter plate coated with a light-sensitive material called Bitumen of Judea to capture and “fix” an image. His eight-hour-long exposure of the courtyard of his home is now considered the world’s first photograph.
3. Daguerreotype: 1837
Photography’s next giant leap came courtesy of Louis Daguerre, a French artist and inventor who partnered with Niépce in the late 1820s. In 1837, Daguerre discovered that exposing iodized silver plates to light left behind a faint image that could be developed using mercury fumes. The new technique not only produced a sharper and more refined picture, but it also cut the exposure time down from several hours to around 10 or 20 minutes. Daguerre christened his new process the “Daguerreotype,” and in 1839, he agreed to make it public in exchange for a pension from the French government. After some tweaking to shorten the exposure process to less than a minute, his invention swept across the world and gave rise to a booming portrait industry, particularly in the United States.
4. Calotype: 1841
Around the same time that “Daguerreotypomania” was taking hold, the British inventor William Henry Fox Talbot unveiled his own photographic process called the “Calotype.” This method traded the Daguerreotype’s metal plates for sheets of high-quality photosensitive paper. When exposed to light, the paper produced a latent image that could be developed and preserved by rinsing it with hyposulphite. The results were slightly fuzzier than Daguerreotypes, but they offered one key advantage: ease of reproduction. Unlike Daguerreotypes, which only made one-off images, the Calotype allowed photographers to produce endless copies of a picture from a single negative. This process would later become one of the basic principles of photography.
5. The Wet-Collodion Process: 1851
Daguerreotypes and Calotypes were both rendered obsolete in 1851, after a sculptor named Frederick Scott Archer pioneered a new photographic method that combined crisp image quality with negatives that could be easily copied. Archer’s secret was a chemical called collodion, a medical dressing that also proved highly effective as a means for coating light-sensitive solutions onto glass plates. While these “wet plates” reduced exposure times to only a few seconds, using them was often quite the chore. The plates had to be exposed and processed before the collodion mixture dried and hardened, so photographers were forced to travel with portable darkroom tents or wagons if they wanted to take pictures in the field. Despite this drawback, the wet-collodion process’s unparalleled quality and cheap cost made it an instant success. One of its most famous practitioners was Mathew Brady, who used wet plates to produce thousands of stunning battlefield photos during the Civil War.
6. Dry Plates: 1871-1878
For most of the 1800s, the panoply of noxious solutions and mixtures involved in using a camera made photography difficult for anyone without a working knowledge of chemistry. That finally changed in the 1870s, when Robert L. Maddox and others perfected a new type of photographic plate that preserved silver salts in gelatin. Since they retained their light-sensitivity for long periods of time, these “dry” plates could be prepackaged and mass-produced, freeing photographers from the annoying task of prepping and developing their own wet plates on the fly. Dry plates also offered much quicker exposures, allowing cameras to more clearly capture moving objects. In the 1880s, photographer Eadweard Muybridge used dry plate cameras to conduct a series of famous studies of humans and animals in motion. His experiments have since been cited as a crucial step in the development of cinema.
7. Flexible Roll Film: 1884-1889
Photography didn’t truly become accessible to amateurs until the mid-1880s, when inventor George Eastman began producing film on rolls. Film was more lightweight and resilient than clunky glass plates, and the use of a roll allowed photographers to take multiple pictures in quick succession. In 1888, Eastman used flexible film as the primary selling point of his first Kodak camera, a small, 100-exposure model that customers could use and then send back to the manufacturer to have their photos developed. Eastman’s camera was remarkably easy to use—he marketed it to Victorian shutterbugs under the slogan “You press the button, we do the rest”—but its coated paper film produced fairly low quality photos. Film would improve by leaps and bounds with the introduction of celluloid a year later, and remained the standard means of photography for nearly a century until the advent of digital cameras.
8. Autochrome: 1907
The yearning for color photography was practically as old as the medium itself itself, but a viable method didn’t arrive until 1907. That was the year the French brothers Louis and Auguste Lumière—perhaps better known as early pioneers of cinema—began marketing an additive color process they dubbed “Autochrome.” The Lumieres found the key to their invention in a most unlikely place: the potato. By adding tiny grains of dyed potato starch to a panchromatic emulsion, they were able to produce vivid, painterly images that put all past attempts at color to shame. Autochrome would reign as the world’s most popular color film technique until 1935, when a more sophisticated color process arrived in the form of the Eastman Kodak Company’s legendary Kodachrome film.
Source: www.history.com/news/history-lists/8-crucial-innovations-in-the-invention-of-photography

​100 Ideas that Changed Photography